The CDC (2023) has estimated that 90% of all healthcare costs (i.e., about $3.7 trillion per year) in the United States go towards treating mental health conditions and chronic diseases. Poor health creates a great burden on the economy of a city, as it generates additional costs for employers, may lead to declines in labor force participation, and overtax healthcare providers, often leaving those in marginalized areas undertreated.
Given the associated consequence of an overburdened healthcare system, implementing hope into cities makes sense. Individuals who are higher in hope have an:
- Increased optimistic view of life leading them to take action to preserve their health (i.e., more frequent exercising, reduced fat intake, and avoidance of substance use; Berg et al., 2011; Harvard T.H. Chan, 2021; Meraz et al., 2023; Nsamenan & Hirsch, 2014).
- Improved physical health and health-related outcomes, including a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, fewer chronic conditions (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, heart disease, lung disease, arthritis, and overweight/obesity, chronic pain; Long et al., 2020)
- Reduced risk of some mental health conditions (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress; Long et al., 2020)
- Improved sleep patterns (Feldman & Sills, 2013; Long et al., 2020; Senger, 2023).
- Increased sense of connectedness and belonging, which is also linked to prevention and positive health outcomes (Wothington, 2020).
In addition to prevention efforts, hope is a documented intervention in health outcomes. For example, researchers have found individuals with higher hope:
- Adhere to treatment plans better than those low in hope, as they are more motivated to reach recovery goals (e.g., Javanmardifard et al., 2020; Kurita et al., 2020).
- Have expedited recovery times from injuries and diseases, with individuals higher in hope having a more favorable prognosis for postoperative recovery (Long et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2017; Zou et al., 2022).
By adopting strategies to enhance healthcare, cities can foster healthier, more inclusive, and resilient communities. Improved health outcomes, reduced healthcare costs, social cohesion, and an overall better quality of life are just some of the benefits that contribute to the city’s well-being and prosperity.